Thanksgiving Essay examples - 588 Words

The truth behind the tradition is surprising. Thanksgiving and the Pilgrims seem to go together, but the truth is, the Pilgrims never held an autumnal Thanksgiving feast. However the Pilgrims did have a feast in 1621, after their first harvest, and it is this feast, which people often refer to as quot;The First Thanksgivingquot;. This feast was never repeated, though, so it cant be called the beginning of a tradition, nor was it termed by the colonists or quot;Pilgrimsquot; a Thanksgiving Feast. In fact, a day of thanksgiving was a day of prayer and fasting, and would have been held any time that they felt an extra day of thanks was called for. Nevertheless, the 1621 feast has become a model that we think of for our own†¦show more content†¦The truth of the matter is, when the Pilgrims arrived, they found an abandoned Wampanoag village and moved right in. In 1618, a massive epidemic of an unknown disease left by English explorers swept across Wampanoag country and decimated many of the villages. This epidemic caused the death of ten to thirty percent of the total population and all but a few of the 2,000 people of the village of Patuxet. When the Pilgrims arrived in 1620, they landed at Patuxet with no idea of what had occurred. At this point, there were only about 2,000 members left in the Wampanoag tribe, down from 12,000 in 1600. Despite the incredible losses to his people, Wampanoag leader Massasoit and 90 of his men sat down for a harvest celebration offered by the white men. For three days the Wampanoag and Pilgrims feasted on deer, wild turkey, fish, beans, squash, corn and other foods native to North America. Although the celebration was good-natured, this event truly signifies the beginning of a drastic decline of native culture and Thanksgiving would be more fittingly observed as a day of mourning rather than a celebration. In the years that followed, skirmishes occurred and more Native Americans were killed. In 1637, English soldiers massacr ed 700 Pequot men, women and children as an example of the English way of war, yet we still celebrate Thanksgiving as a joyful event. So, as we sit down for our Thanksgiving dinner,Show MoreRelatedEssay on History of Thanksgiving885 Words   |  4 Pages Thanksgiving is a very important holiday in present-day American culture. People all throughout America take extra care to make this day a memorable and happy celebration. This tradition has been in the American lifestyle since 1621 when it first started. Even though this tradition has been altered and changed the significance and meaning remains the same. The first Thanksgiving was an important landmark and made a huge imprint in the American culture today. The first Thanksgiving was celebratedRead MoreMichael Arlen Ode to Thanksgiving1439 Words   |  6 PagesMICHAEL ARLEN: ODE TO THANKSGIVING It is time, at last, to speak the truth about Thanksgiving, and the truth is this. Thanksgiving is really not such a terrific holiday. Consider the traditional symbols of the event: Dried corn husks hanging on the door! Terrible wine! Cranberry jelly in little bowls of extremely doubtful provenance which everyone is required to handle with the greatest of care! Consider the participants, the merrymakers: men and women (also children) who have survivedRead More How to Prepare a Thanksgiving Dinner Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesPrepare a Thanksgiving Dinner Thanksgiving is a time to celebrate our joys with friends and family. Unfortunately, if you are the person designated to cooking the holiday dinner, the joys can turn into complete and total fear. Ill never forget the first time I made Thanksgiving dinner for twenty family members and friends. I waited until the last minute to start and the dinner ended in a complete disaster. In the years following that failure, I have learned that preparing a Thanksgiving dinnerRead More The Second Tradition of Thanksgiving Essay807 Words   |  4 Pages When the great holiday of Thanksgiving comes to mind, most people think of becoming total gluttons and gorging themselves with a seemingly unending amount of food. Others might think of the time spent with family and friends. The whole basis of the holiday is family togetherness, fellowship, and thankfulness for blessings received during the previous year. Every family has their own unique way of spending time together with loved ones only seen during the holidays. Read MoreEthnography Paper on Thanksgiving850 Words   |  3 PagesAs the holiday season is coming nearer each day, I found it appropriate to look further into the traditional Thanksgiving topic. I can only describe what my family does, my Puerto Rican and Caucasian family. As far as I can say, we are not necessarily traditional with our celebration of Thanksgiving. So I figured why not use this assignment as a way to further look into the holiday and how it is celebrated across America, this can mean anything from families celebrating it in their homes, to theRead MoreThe Behaviors Of People Shopping Is Best Buy On Black Friday At The King Of Prussia Mall ( Kop1569 Words   |  7 PagesThis file assignment is to participate and to observe the anthropological concepts usages in American rituals. Since I did not have the chance to meet with my family members, wh o live in Indiana, I choose to participate in the modern tradition of Thanksgiving- shopping. Moreover, one of my friends decided she want to experience the spirit and the heat of Black Friday by lining up outside a retile store beforehand she was then kind enough to take me with him. After searching online with all the BlackRead MoreEssay On Hurricane Harvey787 Words   |  4 PagesThe website story was aimed towards informing the college campus and the community. The fourth highest performing post was information on the University’s service hours during the Thanksgiving holiday. The post reached 4,391 people and had 16 reactions. Only one user commented on the post saying, â€Å"Happy thanksgiving to all†. The posted showed open service hours from the Mary and Jeff Bell Library, Islander Dining, and Recreational Sports at TAMU-CC. This post is mainly aimed towards students. TheRead MoreGreed Is Among Us And Within Americans1941 Words   |  8 PagesTitle Greed is among us and within Americans all the time, but one night a year it comes out in the worst way possible†¦ Black Friday shopping. Black Friday happens every year the day after Thanksgiving, where stores put big sales on their products and open their doors early in the morning waiting for the chaos to commence. During the time of the sales people become greedy and crazy and are willing to do almost anything just to try and save a couple of dollars. Every year on the news people hearRead MoreBlack Friday Madness1236 Words   |  5 PagesFriday Madness In the essay â€Å"Black Friday: Consumerism Minus Civilization,† the author, Andrew Leonard, makes the argument that, â€Å"The out-of-control marketing and consumer insanity† (135) has taken over Thanksgiving and the days following it. Sadly, as consumers, we have forgotten what Thanksgiving is really all about. Marketing businesses have gone overboard brainwashing consumers with advertisements pumping them up to shop on Black Friday and the days that follow. Moreover, marketing businessesRead MorePersuasive Speech : Black Friday 1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day after Thanksgiving. A. The first â€Å"Black Friday† on record was on September 24, 1869. 1. According to an article on PBS.org, and Investopedia.com, this day was deemed Black Friday after the crash of the gold market in the United States. 2. The scandal of that day started to coin the term â€Å"black† to describe other horrible days in financial markets where stocks have plummeted. B. In the early 1960s the Philadelphia police department started calling the day after Thanksgiving, Black Friday

Fair Organization Islam Awareness Project - 898 Words

FAIR ORGANIZATION ISLAM AWERNESS PROJECT Have you ever thought when did Islamophobia start to appear ? It started to appear in 1912 . It caused fear to the citizens of Europe and the Westerns when they started to frighten people of Islam . This had a bad effect on Islamic countries as Islam became hated by most of the countries who felt fear from that thing called Islamophobia . Over 15 million Muslims are living in Europe are now suffering from persecution , oppression and injustice . It is stated that 57% of Muslim societies believe that Muslims in the west and in Europe are not treated equally as the other citizens living there. The cartoonist displayed Islamophobia perfectly in the above cartoons. These cartoons at the top of the article illustrate the problem of Islamophobia . The cartoon in which the giant dog appears is richer than the other one especially when it comes to the persuasive techniques comparing irony , symbolism , labeling, exaggeration and analogy. Irony is one of the most important persuasive techniques that could ever be used to deliver the cartoonists message. It is the difference between the way things are and the way things should be or the way things are expected to be . In The dog cartoon irony is represented by the speech of the man saying, Dont be afraid I call it freedom of speech. HisShow MoreRelatedThe Organization of Islamic Conference3937 Words   |  16 PagesThe Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations which has membership of 57 states spread over four continents. The Organization is the collective voice of the Muslim world and ensuring to safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony among various people of the world. The Organization was established upon a decision of the historical summit which tookRead MoreIslamophobia Is The Most Predominant And Aggressing Issues3058 Words   |  13 Pagesbeliefs. This often promotes them to hold on to their beliefs in lieu of an American identity. This cycle continues, worsening the effects of Islamophobia. To address the issue, mutual efforts must be made by local governments and Islamic organizations to increase awareness about the Isl amic belief system. When Americans understand the peaceful and moderate views that majority of the Muslims follow, both in the United States, and around the world, will accept the Muslim community, and clear all the misunderstandingsRead MoreConfessions Of An Economic Hitman Essay2564 Words   |  11 PagesPacker Christ-Arnaud Lacombe Marion Mayer Ulrik Karlsen Contents Introduction 2 Reflection on John Perkins’ Sincerity 3 What Do the Voices From Below Show? 5 How Can Institutions Transform and End Malicious Practices? 6 How to Increase Awareness in Society? 8 Conclusive Thoughts about the Book 9 References 9 Introduction â€Å"Confessions of an Economic Hitman† by John Perkins, tells a story about his experience as an economic hitman at MAIN, with the goal to mislead andRead MoreThe Chicano Movement : A Unique, Dramatic, And Multifaceted Social Struggle Of Affirmation1756 Words   |  8 Pages2011). â€Å"The Chicano movement, also known by Chicanos as El Movimiento, was a cultural and political movement that raised awareness of the history of Mexicans and/or Chicanos in North America. The origin of the term â€Å"Chicano† is not known, and its definition varies, yet it has been proudly reclaimed by Americans of Mexican ancestry to emphasize their descent from colonial projects. The movement has been analyzed in three parts: the struggle for restoration of land grants, the appeal for Mexican AmericanRead MoreConsumer Behaviour Towards the Islamic Banking – â€Å"Customer Satisfaction with Islamic Marketing Ethics and Islamic Banking Industry6575 Words   |  27 Pagesthe adva nces is fixed it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations. | 9. Since it shares profit and loss, the Islamic banks pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations. | 10. The conventional banks give greater emphasis on credit-worthiness of the clients. | 10. The Islamic banks, on the other hand, give greater emphasis on the viability of the projects. | 11. The status of a conventional bank, in relation to its clients, is thatRead MoreNcfe Level 2 Certificate in Equality and Diversity Unit 1: Exploring Equality and Diversity5977 Words   |  24 Pagesschool, shopping, gym, pubs†¦. There are many local restaurants offering a huge choice of cuisine †¢ Personal, social and cultural identities Peterborough is host to a large, multi-cultural community that mostly consists of different groups, projects, schools and charities, separated by nationalities. Like local Community groups, African Community, Pakistani Community, Latvian Community, Polish Community etc. This means differences in social and cultural identities. Because of experiences inRead MoreGuideline And Study Questions For The T4059 Words   |  17 Pagesâ€Å"Bonus Army† was a A. Group of veterans who came to Washington to get bonuses promised them for service in World War I. B. Social organization composed of men who had fought in France in l917. C. Group of farmers demanding a bonus to compensate them for their eviction by large landowners. D. Group of unemployed scientists and explorers who participated in a federal survey project. 10. Franklin Roosevelt’s new Democratic coalition A. United Democrats in the South with the rising middle class of the farRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 Pages(Human Rights Track) Spring 2010 Supervisor: Erika Svedberg Assistant Professor Malmo University, Sweden Honour killings in Pakistan under Theoretical, Legal and Religious Perspectives An Analytical Study of Honour killings Abuse and Disconnecting Islam from This Ancient Brutal Tradition Author MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED, 27-05-2010 Malmà ¶ University Malmà ¶, Sweden Abstract This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called â€Å"honourRead MoreBackground of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad5061 Words   |  21 PagesBackground of Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) Bank Islam, established in 1983, is Malaysia’s maiden Shariah-based institution. Since its inception, it has emerged as the symbol of Islamic banking in Malaysia and its vision to be â€Å"A Global Leader in Islamic Banking† illustrates the Bank’s status as the flag bearer of the country’s financial services industry (â€Å"the industry†). Bank Islam has been growing from strength to strength as evidenced by its financial performance and paid-up capital, whichRead MoreResearch on Consumer Awareness13028 Words   |  53 PagesProject Report On â€Å"Consumer Awareness In India† Submitted To: Prof. Nadeem Merchant (Research Methodology) Submitted By: Division â€Å"B† Aniket nimonkar 36 Jayesh prabhu 43 Atul rane 46 Neha zunjarrao 68 Anjuman-I-Islam’s Allana Institute Of Management Studies amp; Research Mumbai University Academic Year 2011-2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In making this project report a lot of people have contributed by giving us the required knowledge and time, we would like to thank all of them. It is because

The Presence Of Psychological Disorders - 1431 Words

The presence of psychological disorders in a character can increase complexity and a deeper understanding of the cast. Throughout the play of Hamlet, a few of the characters display signs and symptoms of various mental disorders. Hamlet and Ophelia’s characters and actions provide sufficient evidence to suggest the presence of various disorders such as major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, madness and borderline personality disorder. In the play Hamlet, many unfortunate events happen to the main character which could have lead to the development of major depressive disorder. Hamlet’s father died at the hand of his uncle, that same uncle marries his mother, an apparition of his father asks for him to get revenge, and Hamlet’s immediate†¦show more content†¦The main love interest of Hamlet, Ophelia, displays some symptoms of major depressive disorder that include sadness, thoughts of suicide that lead to a supposed suicide attempt, and hopelessness. Ophelia likely developed this disorder from dealing with a very unstable relationship and losing her father. She shows her sadness when she sings of a story that likely resembles her own about a young girl, tricked into losing her virginity. The betrayal Ophelia feels has happened by Hamlet’s hand destroys her happiness and she then sings to the court about her feelings. A short while after this, she returns to court and sings about her fat her’s death. â€Å"No, no, he is dead . . . He never will come again. His beard was as white as snow, he is gone, he is gone, and we cast away moan, God ha mercy on his soul†(Shakespeare 117). Distraught by the news of her father, Ophelia sings multiple verses about her father’s untimely demise and lack of hope which points to her immense sadness indicating depression. Furthermore, a major indication of her mood disorder is her successful suicide attempt, even though the manner of Ophelia’s death remains uncertain by most characters in the play. â€Å"Is she to be buried in Christian burial when she willfully seeks her own salvation†(Shakespeare 127)? The gravedigger asks an unknown person this as he debates on whether he should dig Ophelia a grave or not because giving a Christian burial toShow MoreRelatedObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1321 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Howell In the field of Psychology there are a number of psychological disorders as well categories in which these disorders are placed. Psychological disorders are categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the manual is now in its fifth edition, which is known as the DSM-5. In the DSM-5, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is categorized with other compulsive disorders. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, also known as OCD, is a condition â€Å"marked by persistent, uncontrollableRead MoreThe Dass-21 Had A Good Internal Consistency. For Depression,983 Words   |  4 Pageswere described using frequencies and percentages. To enable their dichotomization based on the presence or absence of symptoms, we defined the disorders of depression, anxiety or stress by categorical variables. This resulted in recoding each of these disorders into a new binary variable, with one (1) representing having the disorder symptoms (despite its severity) and zero (0) representing having no disorder symptoms. Moreover, using the grading system provided by the DASS-21 developers (S.H. LovibondRead MoreAlcohol Abuse Should Not Be Confused With Alcoholism Or Alcohol Dependence950 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol abuse should not be confused with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. It is important to note the difference between the three. It is predicted that alcohol abuse affects individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Although some psychological, physical and economical effects may occur with both, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) for the purpose of this paper the alcohol abuse is the main focus. Introduction Alcohol abuse is a serious disease that impacts individualRead MoreCase Study Abnormal Psychology951 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study Name: Institution: Date: Case Study Abnormal behavior relates to the influence of psychological factors, biological factors as well as the social factors referring to inadequate relationships. In the face of diverse definition, abnormal behavior refers to the deviating from norm, which norm is the typical behavior or characteristic of the population. As such, Jim behavior is abnormal because it violates moral and conventional mores of the society (Violates societal standards)Read MoreInterpersonal Theory Of Suicide And Suicide1275 Words   |  6 Pagesengaging in suicidal behaviour such as loss, history of mental disorder and environmental factors. There are also many theories of suicide that integrate these established risk factors such as the interpersonal theory of suicide. The interpersonal theory of suicide was developed by psychologist Thomas Joiner. This theory attempts to understand the reasoning behind in suicidal behaviour. According to the theory, â€Å"the simultaneous presence of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness produceRead MoreEating Disorders in Sports1405 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction General Background The occurrence of eating disorders are a serious problem worldwide. A major problem with this disease, abnormal eating behaviour that can threaten your health or even your life,(1) is that the mortality prevalence rates are highest among those who are not under professional care: per 100 000 females, 370 die suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and 1500 women with Bulimia die.(2) The worldwide prevalence of eating disorders among athletes, 0-19% for men, and 6-45% for women,Read MoreThe Other Day, While Visiting Relatives1503 Words   |  7 Pagesbut mental health as well, the everyday use of many psychological terms and labels, that could be a part of diagnosis, has become more frequent. Terms like â€Å"bipolar,† â€Å"OCD,† â€Å"ADD,† â€Å"ADHD,† â€Å"depression,† and many more, have made its way into the language used in media and everyday life. While it is important for the society to be aware of the real presence of mental disorders, just as any other health issue, in our society, the use of psychological terminology on a broad scale has some disadvantagesRead MoreEssay on Anxiety Disorder and the Different Types677 Words   |  3 Pagesseveral disorders. These disorders cause fear, worry, panic and apprehension. Anxiety is different from fear to the extent that it is a reaction to an anticipated problem and fear is a reaction to a present problem or danger. The fear, worry, panic and apprehension caused by anxiety disorders are out of proportion. People suffering from an anxiety disorder have difficulties coping with certain situations in life; anxiety disorders disrupts their life. Some of them seek for psychological therapiesRead MoreDepression Is A Mood Disorder Which Prevents Individuals824 Words   |  4 PagesDepression is a mood disorder which prevents individuals from leading a normal life, at work socially or within their family. Depression also known as Major Depressive Disorder (MMD) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act, but it’s mental disorder is characterized by a pervasive and persistent low mood that is accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Depression affectsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 Pagesor intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of the domestic violence varies, though the regular effort of one partner to assert control and power over the other partner is a constant

Drought And Livelihoods free essay sample

This study assesses livelihood framework and adaptation strategy by using pentagon livelihood capitals and sustainable livelihood framework, exploring he socio-economic, technological, geographical and natural factors on livelihood adaptation strategies. Following stratified purposive sampling techniques, four focus group discussions were conducted at four villages Of Granaries union in Pantograph district from August to October in 2014. Constraints of adapting drought were assessed by using pentagon capitals and limitations of the existing technique of the farmers in the agro- production. The perception and knowledge of the drywall farmers in modern farming is limited and unwillingness of the farmers also causes their backwardness in terms of adaptation capacity. The findings explore that vulnerable people had little ability to adjust with the changing situation thats why they suffer much in time of drought occurrence causing damage of crops, late crops, high irrigation cost, low fertility, unavailability of agro- information, inadequate credit.Further the findings also suggest that with the policy and its implementation, role of Noose with Goes, using drought and dry resistant crops, introducing alternative options of livelihood, poultry farming and encouraging livestock rearing and small business vulnerable farmers can adapt the adverse situation. Finally, the study tries to develop a model DAM (drought adaptation model) based on the SELF (Sustainable livelihood framework) and the idea of pentagon capitals that will help to investigate the main causes of drought vulnerability and components of livelihood adaptation constraints in the drought-prone northern Bangladesh.Keywords: Adaptation, Drought, Drywall, livelihoods, vulnerability 1 . Introduction Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world (Shad Bewaring 2008). Bangladesh lies in such geographical area where various disasters have become common like floods, droughts, river bank erosion, mudslides, thunders, cyclones, northwesters and tornados etc that directly affect on peoples livelihood. Although people and gobo. F Bangladesh are more concerned flood and cyclones as two main contributors to crop loss in the county, droughts also cause a greater damage to crops than floods or cyclones, and they affect more farmers across a wider area (Paul, 1995). High spatial and temporal climatic variability, extreme events, high population density, high incidence of poverty and social inequity, poor institutional capacity, inadequate financial resources, and poor infrastructure have made Bangladesh highly vulnerable to disaster (Aimed, 2004).Drought mostly affects the country in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods (Bangladesh, 2006). Drought damaged about 218 million tons of rice between 1 973 and 1987 in Bangladesh (Climate Change Cell, 2009). During the last 50 years, Bangladesh suffered from drought conditions about 20 times. The more severe drought-affected years were 1951, 1961, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1992, 1 994, 1 995, and 2000. The 1 973 drought was one of the severest in the present century and was responsible for the local famine in northern Bangladesh in 1974.In the 1975 drought, 47 percent of the country was affected, causing suffering to about 53 percent (Adman, 1993). The consecutive drought of 1 978 and 1979 directly affected 42 percent of cultivated land and reduced rice production by an estimated 2 million tons (Framer, 1987). The losses due to drought in 1982 were more than double the losses caused by floods in the same year. But the most persistent drought was in 1 989 (Scaffolding, 1991 Again, the 1997 drought caused a reduction of around 1 million tons Of food grain, of which about 0. Million tons were transplanted Man. According to the climate change cell, Bangladesh has offered from 93 large-scale natural disasters that killed 0. 2 million people and caused loss of properties valued at about $59 billion in the agricultural and infrastructure sector (Climate Change Cell, 2009). According to the forecasts of Epics Fourth Assessment Report regarding climate change in Bangladesh, average temperature has increased by 1 g C for May and by 0. C in November. Rainfall will become heavier and more erratic while droughts will increase in frequency due to the melting of Himalayan glaciers will cause higher river flows and severe floods. As we are agricultural country we face a to of crisis for the shortage of seasonal rainfall. Again we see more dependency on the nature to the rainfall and agricultural production also another cause of vulnerability of the farmers in our country.The concept of livelihood has rapidly gained ground as an approach to rural poverty reduction in poor countries; the notions of diversity and diversification have become part and parcel of livelihood theory (Ellis, 2000). There is also a growing appreciation of the importance of institutions-?formal and informal-?in shaping adaptation strategies and mediating the adaptive capacity of households and communities (Augural, 2008, 2010). Indeed, most social-ecological systems have undergone dramatic change in the last century due to climatic, landscape, and institutional shifts.Coping mechanisms are developed in relation to particular landscapes, livelihoods, and institutions (Augural, 2008, 201 0) and social and ecological changes have altered relations across these elements, impacting the effectiveness of particular coping strategies. Bangladesh has already shown an increased frequency Of droughts in recent years. Droughts are increasingly being reported in Rajahs, Arranger, Bogart, Dinosaur, Thousand, Pantograph, Grimace, Malaria, Cabbaging, Longhair, Serration, Nonage, Nature, Chap- Nabobs, and Austria regions.Almost every year, all areas are affected by drought, but the northwestern part of the count ry, however, is considered to be the most drought-prone. These regions are relatively dry, receiving much lower rainfall compared to the rest of the country (Paul, 1998). If we institutionally and economically cant tackle, the consequences tend to have a far-reaching effect on the given society As the economy of the country and livelihood of the farmers rely on agriculture, thats why farmers life are being enforced to vulnerability due to the drought and aridity. They try to seek a variety of works but they cant adapt easily. . Materials and methods 2. 1 Overview of the study area Garibaldi union Paris (smallest administrative unit) is selected as the study area which is situated in Pantograph district, the very northern district of Bangladesh lies between 260. 15 to 260. 20 latitudes north and 880. 30 to 880. 33 east longitudes consisting of 30 villages along with 22,292 populations nearby Indian border. Selected purposively four villages for the study (China matt, Kashmir, Monody Para and Galahad) where most of the people involve in agriculture and who involve in other occupation, their number is very low.There are some reasons to select the four villages: (1) the villages located at drywall area (2) most of the farmers are middle and tenure (3) mainly dependent on rabbi and karri production (4) economically not so stable (5) experienced a variety of drought scenario (6) vulnerable and extreme severity of occurrence (7) changing livelihood occasionally. The union is bounded by Indian border on the northwest and Marzipan union on the southwest, where Magus union is on the southeast and Tango River is on the east. 2. Sampling proceduresTo fulfill the objectives of the study a comprehensive field survey was conducted in August of 2014 regarding farmers livelihood and drought ad aptation strategies where 202 respondents are interviewed. A multistage sampling technique was employed for the selection of sample farmers for interview because one is selected purposively from 5 union councils after visiting the area with the consultation of Apical and union agricultural officer and key informants and in the second stage, villages are selected by stratified random sampling.I have also used purposive sampling for the qualitative data like Case studies and FIG. Farmers were the target group of the study area in order to explore how their life and livelihood is affected by drought and how they try to adjust themselves and whether they have any constraints. The questions were structured and semi-structured, where some questions were open-ended due to know the real view of the respondents from the study about the aspects. After collecting the data, open questions are coded, cleaned and refreshed by finding the weakness according to required state.When it seems clear then it has been analyzed by using SPAS where descriptive and inferential statistics are also used to assess the opacities and constraints of farmers to adapt drought, Socio-economic effect of drought on their lives and livelihoods. To analyze the qualitative data I used compilation process so that I can analyze the data formally. There are some thematic and textual data, Verbatim statement have been used for understanding the FIG at an easy process as well as to enrich its quality, while 2 case studies have been used to develop qualitative analysis of the study as experience.Group Age Categories Villages Male Female Young 18-30 Farmers(PRI-high school) Small business Employment (HOC/Graduate) Wage earners Housewife Kashmir, China matt China matt Kashmir, Monody Para Monody Para,Galahad, Kashmir 2 3 Adult 31-50 Farmers (PRI-high school) Kashmir, China matt, Galahad Kashmir, Galahad Monody Para Galahad, Monody Para, Kashmir, China matt Monody Para, Galahad 4 6 Elderly 51+ Galahad, Monody Para Total participants 28 2. Group conversation techniques The target group of the conversation was specially farmers and how their lives and livelihood is affected by drought.The adult age people of the area are interested to the group discussion being dynamic, experienced, group discussion was based on the proportion of lan d and production capacity for he most vulnerable and victim of drought to explore the adaptation constraints of the farmers. The questions of the group discussions were open-ended due to know the real view of drought and livelihood, 3 key informants including 1 note taker (research assistant) were appointed who followed the flow of conversation and to complete the answer of the pre- established written script within a short time during the course of the session.Participants were asked two types of questions on the drought impacts and its adaptive capacity, a number of 15 questions were assigned to perceive the severity and changes of livelihood owing to drought in the sociality. I also used visual experiences, field observation and focus group discussion with participants that helps to develop DAM (Fig. 1 ) to explore the complexity and impacts on livelihood of the farmers in the drywall and drought-prone Granaries Union. . Data analysis Axial coding techniques were used to analyze the data so that it is easy to condense and create categories and subcategories on specific theme (Carbon and Strauss 2008). Tried to connect the expressed feelings of the participants with broader aspects to search the root cause of drought vulnerability along with the change of livelihood options largely. TO analyze the qualitative data used compilation process (total 4 focus group discussion in 1).Some thematic and textual data were used for understanding the study to assess the perceptions and awareness of farmers to drought, adaptation capacities and constraints of farmers to face drought, Socio-economic effect of drought on their lives and livelihood and how they seek alternative livelihoods with the changing nature of climate at an easy process. Again, I used some Verbatim statement in order to en rich its quality, while 2 case studies have been used to develop qualitative analysis of the study as experience. Linking livelihood capitals to drought impacts Adaptation strategies Conceptual definitions The livelihood system consists of people and their way of life, institution, natural and social environment, resource, and economy, comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural resource base (Chambers and Conway 1992).And assets are a wide range of tangible and intangible stores of value or claims to assistance (Swift, 989) Adaptive capacity is a central concept of both vulnerability and adaptation analyses, is defined as the ability of a system to adapt to climate- related hazards by designing and implementing new strategies or by expanding coping capacity to reduce vulnerability to these hazards (Edger, 2006). Adaptive capacity depends on the suite of environmental, social, economic, and political entitlements that particular individuals, households, or communities can mobile to cope with risk.It is the Drought-coping mechanisms which amidst a backdrop of ecological and institutional change, which has increasingly restricted historical coping strategy, namely mobility. Again the new strategies enable households with the right entitlement bundle (e. G. , access to money, new knowledge, and connections) to proactively create new opportunities for mobility in a fragmented landscape. Drought is a normal part of climate, an extreme climatic event often described as a natural hazard (Wilted, 2000).In the context of Bangladesh, Framer (1987) defines drought as a period when supply of moisture in the soil is less than that which is required for satisfactory crop growth during a season when crops re normally grown A broad definition of drought is a deficiency of precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, which results in a water shortage for some activity, group, or environmental sectors.Drywall is the area of the less soil moisture and the area of erratic rainfall with the loss of ground water level very commonly in the locality. Due to the fact of water crisis persisting for several years causes devastating effects on water supplies and agriculture sector regularly for the causing low production and damage of farming for the marginal one. Precipitation deficit also causes extended dry periods, moisture deficiency, and the duration and to a lesser extent, while surface and subsurface water resources are usually affected from extended dry periods.The drought victim and for the adjustment of drought effects, some recommendations from the study of UNDO (2000) required excavation of mini ponds, reserving water for irrigation, stocking of foods, early preparations ,planting drought resistant crops, building-up awareness among mass, taking information from Social media and workshop and seminar. From the survey of Balloonists (2011) in Pakistan, it was founded that drought affected seriously and almost 70-72% production lost of both apple and apricot during the long abnormal period.Similarly in the present study drought seriously affects on farming; damaging and declining crops production, declining poultry production, causes of water conflict and work crisis, livestock rearing and production. Ellis (1998) studied on determinants of rural livelihood diversification based on seasonality, credit, market failure, asset and capitals and in the present study People, who have access to irrigation can produce more crops than others, the more opacity indicates the level of adaptation.To reduce drought risk (Habit and Shaw, 2010) people have to work at indigenous level giving early warning, providing the necessities to the victims, giving better suggestion, information about how to plant seed and when its best time to plant, training about hybrid crops, more production technique and utilizing leisure time by involving in alternative options of livelihood. And for diversified pattern Of agricultural strategy (Carr, 2008) showed that experience of the social and economical transitions shifts the livelihood pattern exclusively.For the policy implementation and formulation (Kiang, Gang and Xx, 201 2) showed that policy can change the vulnerability of the peoples as well as adjustment with the existing situation. 3. 1 Factors and resources affecting farmers livelihood The natural resource stocks from which resource flows useful for livelihoods are derived (e. G. Land, water, wildlife, biodiversity, environmental resources). As the aim of the study is to adapt farmers livelihood in drought-prone, natural capital is badly needed although it varies farmer to farmer based on the land ownership e. G. Landowner, tenure and landless.Another environmental resources e. G. Trees and plants, bio-diversity also influences on the farmers livelihood systems. The financial resources (savings, supplies or credit or regular remittances or pensions) provide different livelihood options. To the farming we need savings, credit due to uncertain natural disasters even those have not credit they loan from the bank or any credit organizations to adapt the unfavorable situation. And people who have strong support in economy are less vulnerable than the poor and landless farmers while the poor bound to change their livelihood patterns.This is the um of political assets, strengths and influence like the interactions among the individual, the community, the civil society and the state that may facilitate or hinder progress towards improvement in livelihoods. The governmental activities and its transparency are included in political capacity by the way farmers can adapt drought by the aid and associated with the civil society who provide suggestions as well as right based action to them in the field level to create their livelihood sustainable. The social resources (networks, social claims, social relations, affiliations, associations) upon which people draw when pursuing different livelihood strategies requiring coordinated actions. Social relation or association is necessary to develop any livelihoods and to maintain strong and deeply social relationship and association with the related authority and institutions. Farmers related with those they have to maintain relationship. Their degree of relationship and associations require the mostly adaptation strategy as well as livelihoods.The basic infrastructure (transport, shelter, water, energy and communications) and the production equipment enable people to pursue their livelihoods. These capitals also help to the way of livelihood by the development of communications, technology, transportation, being involved with the production system. As farmers depend on the agriculture they have to store their crops in the storage and thats why the transportation system is required to favorable. Even it is good to communicate with the traders, seed plants, businessmen, etc for their purpose.Livelihood resources require different strategy, where livelihood combination is a key step in the process of analysis on successful agricultural intensification; access to natural capital, economic capital, and social capital. Understanding in a dynamic and historical context, how different livelihood resources are sequenced and combined in the pursuit of different livelihood strategies is therefore critical and several issues are important here. It is not only the total number of livelihoods created that is important, but also the level of livelihood intensity (Chambers 1981).Livelihood resources may be combined creatively and innovative, often in complex ways, to create more livelihoods in a particular area; degraded land may be transformed with the investment of labor and skill, resulting in the accumulation of natural capital, offering the potential for ore livelihood opportunities. Socio-economic differences, of course, exist within any site, and these also have a major impact on the composition of livelihood adaptation strategies.A wide number of axes of difference are relevant, including contrasts of asset ownership, income levels, gender, age, and religious affiliation, and caste, social or political status and so on. In relation to the analysis framework, these refer to differences in basic livelihood resources or to broader contextual factors, because institutions are the social cement which link stakeholders to access to capital of different minds to the means of exercising power and so define the gateways through which they pass on the route to positive or negative livelihood adaptation (Davies (1997: 24).A key issue in the analysis of livelihood strategies is the scale at which an assessment takes place and can be described at an individual, household and village level, as well as sat regional or even national levels. A successful agricultural intensification strategy pursued by one person can provide an opportunity for another persons agricultural processing or petty trading by diverting such factors; land, labor, credit or arrest for livelihood diversification strategy.The combination of such activities that are pursued can be seen as a livelihood portfolio and such portfolios can be highl y specialized with a concentration on one or a limited range of activities. Different livelihood pathways are evident over different time-scales and over seasons and between years, variations in options emerge (Chambers, 1 981 Over longer periods over several generations, for example more substantial shifts in combinations may occur, as local and external conditions change.It is this dynamic element, evident in the imposition and re-composition of livelihood strategies, which is important to examine, especially in the context of assessing the sustainability of different options. This makes an historical approach central to any analysis. Social capital Political capital Natural capital physical capital Figure 1: Drought Adaptation Model 4. Results 4. Effects of drought on livelihoods and farming As livelihood is maintained by the numerous occupations and sources of earnings thats why Drought as a calamity affects on the farming and livelihood options. It has much impact on farming as well as non-farming like; ate production of the crops, loss of the production, damages of the crops, more cost in the irrigation, shortage of food, migration and increase of vulnerability with the occurrence of drought in the locality.